Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) – Treasure from Lake Xochimilco
Mexico’s Lake Xochimilco is home to a mysterious creature. Unlike the mythical monsters of fairy tales, this creature is very real: Ambystoma mexicanum, better known as the axolotl. This fascinating amphibian is an endemic species, meaning it occurs naturally only in this specific region of the world.
The Axolotl in Aztec beliefs and culture
In Aztec mythology, Xólotl, the brother of Quetzalcóatl, transforms into an axolotl in the myth of the Fifth Sun. According to the legend, the gods sacrificed themselves to make the Sun and Moon traverse the sky. Xólotl, wishing to avoid this sacrificial fate, turned into an axolotl, which means “water monster” in Nahuatl.
In Aztec culture, the axolotl was considered a sacred animal. It was also a culinary delicacy, with dishes like tlapiques (tamales) made from axolotls being highly regarded. Additionally, axolotl fat was used in traditional medicine for treating respiratory conditions in the form of ointments, infusions, and syrups.
An eternal child with extraordinary powers
The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is a tailed amphibian that retains its larval form throughout its life, remaining aquatic and never undergoing metamorphosis into a terrestrial salamander. Despite this, changes in the environment, genetic mutations, administration of thyroid hormones, or excess iodine can trigger metamorphosis.
The axolotl’s anatomical features are striking, particularly its feathery external gills. Remarkably, it can breathe not only through these gills but also through its lungs and skin. In the wild, axolotls are typically dark-colored, but albino and leucistic varieties are also seen in captivity.
One of the most fascinating aspects of the axolotl is its ability to regenerate lost body parts, including sections of the brain, within about three weeks. This extraordinary regenerative capability makes Ambystoma mexicanum a subject of great interest to scientists, who believe that studying this ability could provide valuable insights for medical advancements.
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) – critically endangered species
Historically, axolotls were abundant in the high-altitude lakes surrounding Mexico City. However, Ambystoma mexicanum is now critically endangered due to human activities such as lake drainage, water pollution, introduction of invasive species like carp and tilapia, and illegal trading.
Today, axolotls are found only in a few canals near Lake Xochimilco, with estimates suggesting that fewer than 1,000 individuals remain. This critically low population is at severe risk from various environmental threats.
Activities to support axolotl conservation
Several conservation projects aim to protect the axolotl’s natural habitat. One such initiative involves the use of floating artificial islands (chinampas), a practice rooted in Aztec culture. These islands support axolotl habitat and contribute to water purification. This approach not only aids in species restoration but also seeks to restore harmony between humans and axolotls.
The individuals kept in laboratories serve as a backup population. Scientists emphasize that they will not reintroduce them into Lake Xochimilco until natural habitats are established where they can safely live and reproduce.
Controlled breeding, creation of temporary habitats, and monitoring of wild areas are essential for axolotl conservation. Balancing in-situ and ex-situ conservation efforts is crucial for preserving this unique species.
Axolotl as an indicator of ecosystem health
The Mexican axolotl is highly sensitive to environmental changes, making it an important bioindicator. Axolotls are sensitive to pollutants like pesticides, heavy metals, and other chemicals. A healthy axolotl population indicates a relatively clean aquatic environment. As carnivores, axolotls also play a vital role in the lake’s food chain. Their presence reflects a balanced aquatic ecosystem, with diverse species coexisting harmoniously. Monitoring axolotl populations provides valuable information about ecosystem health and sustainability.
There is still hope
In conclusion, the Mexican axolotl is not only a biological and cultural treasure of Lake Xochimilco but also a key indicator of aquatic ecosystem health. Its presence or absence signals the impact of human activity on the environment. Despite the critical threat to axolotl populations, innovative conservation projects like floating artificial islands and controlled breeding offer hope for restoring balance between humans and this extraordinary creature.
Conserving the axolotl requires scientific, technological, and public efforts. Raising awareness, educating the public, and fostering environmental stewardship are essential for the survival of this species. Research on axolotl populations holds great potential for monitoring water quality and overall ecosystem health. By preserving this enigmatic creature, we not only inspire future scientific research but also affirm our commitment to protecting and respecting all life on Earth. The Mexican axolotl stands as a symbol of nature’s uniqueness and our collective responsibility for environmental preservation.
